The European Union ( Eu ) - 1413 Words

The European Union (EU) is the union of economic, monetary and political with twenty-seven Member States. They work together, in order to get particular advantages for their countries. This has been argued by Bickerton, the shift from nation-states to Member States led to a subtle and not unproblematic. However, the countries are free to choose want to join or withdraw from the EU. EU consists of various institutions, but with only three institutions are involved in the EU legislative process. These are the Council, the European Parliament and the European Commission. Over the years the EU has been expanded, consequently various treaties have been signed to work together. The latest treaty is the Lisbon Treaty, which was an†¦show more content†¦Although EU institutions have many federal characteristics, Member States still retain the controls which make a European United States unlikely. The Council of Ministers is federally in the sense that it consists of represent atives of the Member States who act together to perform their legislative role, they create rules which bind the constituent Member States. However, national interests prevail and the process of policy and law making in the Council remains intergovernmental. While the Commission is made up of twenty-eight independent commissioners to represent the Union interest and perspective. Whereas the commissioner will be sanctioned if there is obviously a severe inappropriate behavior occur. The Commission also has the power to propose legislation, it does so within established limits which are ultimately set by the Member States. It could be argued that the most federal institution of the EU is the European Parliament, which has almost all powers of a federal house of the citizens and it co-decides with the Council procedure by which the parliament enjoys an ultimate power of veto over proposed legislation, this power further increased when the Lisbon Treaty came into force by making this p rocedure become ordinary legislative procedure. Although, European Parliament cannot challenge certain administration, such

Reggie Bush Scandal Free Essays

string(173) " he must be disassociated from USC athletics and all of the statistics acquired by Bush in games where the NCAA deemed Bush ineligible due to rules violations were vacated\." Reggie Bush: Is He to Blame for USC’s Sanctions? â€Å"What happened to the days young children could look up to their sports heroes with pride and think that they someday would want to be just like them? †, (Finnegan 4). This question is now being asked more often than ever. The sports stars we look up to and admire are surrounded by talks of cheating. We will write a custom essay sample on Reggie Bush Scandal or any similar topic only for you Order Now One prime example of this happening is the case of Reggie Bush. Reggie Bush was a running back at the University of Southern California. At USC, he acquired many awards and he broke many records. Bush, along with Coach Pete Carroll, led USC to the top of the college football world (Gray 3). On January 4, 2005, USC defeated Oklahoma in the BCS National Championship 55-19. Bush accounted 149 total yards (Timeline 4). On December 11, 2005, Bush won the Heisman Trophy. He received the second most first-place votes in the award’s history, second behind OJ Simpson (Timeline 18). On January 4, 2006, Bush and USC lost to Vince Young and the Texas Longhorns 41-38 in the BCS National Championship game. Bush, however, accounted for 279 total yards and one touchdown (Timeline 21). Bush is alleged to have taken money and illegal benefits from multiple sources during his USC career. These allegations were viewed by the NCAA and were determined to be true. Therefore, USC encountered many penalties, which were considered by many too harsh. The NCAA says that they wanted to make an example of Bush and USC. Reggie Bush is not to blame for the allegations against him and, as a result, the sanctions against USC. Instead, his step-father, LaMar Griffin, is at fault in this situation. Griffin abused Reggie Bush’s future potential in order to gain illegal benefits. Bush was used as a scape-goat by Griffin and is now being falsely punished. Griffin should incur all of these punishments, not Bush. However, the real damage to Bush is his loss of proper standing in society’s view, which cannot be fully recovered even if he is found innocent. A popular topic of conversation in college sports is whether college athletes should be paid to play or not. College athletes are considered student-athletes. This means that their first duty in college is to be a student, then to be an athlete. Student-athletes graduate at a higher rate than any other general student body group. They get to enjoy levels of engagement in academics and the community, as well as their athletics. After they are done with college, many athletes claimed to have positive feelings about their overall athletic and academic experiences in college (Why 3). There is a group of people that believe student-athletes should be paid to play. They say that the student-athletes generate income for the university and should be compensated for their efforts. The other group thinks that student-athletes should not be paid. They say that intercollegiate sports include many different sports. And of those sports, the expenses will outweigh the revenue (with the exception of some larger Division-1 schools) (Why 4). The pro-payment to collegiate athletes group says that they should eliminate the non-revenue sports from the equation. Then the college should pay the athletes that play the sports that make the college money. Of these programs, 30% of Division-1 football programs and 26% of Division-1 basketball programs actually make the college money (Why 5). This makes the argument for the payment of collegiate student-athletes very hard to agree with. There is not enough revenue to give the players proper payment. And besides, they are called student-athletes for a reason. College sports include a group of people that help to support the programs of the college. Each program has its own group, which is called a booster club. The members of the clubs, called boosters, help raise or donate money for the programs. A booster has made financial contributions to the booster club or the athletics program in general. They are involved in providing benefits to prospects or enrolled student-athletes. They are also involved in promoting the university. For example, the can purchase season tickets. The rule about being a booster is that once you are a booster, you will always be considered a booster (Razorback 1). There are things that a booster can and cannot do. A booster can speak to a prospect via phone only if the prospect initiates the call and the call is not for recruiting purposes. A booster can attend high school and junior college athletic events. Boosters are allowed to discuss summer employment arrangements with a prospect after he has signed a national letter of intent. Also, it is proper to attend a public event where the prospect is in attendance (as long as no attempts to recruit the prospect are made). They can send newspaper articles or other information to about prospects (that would be of interest) to the university’s athletic department. They are also able to engage in normal activities with prospects and their parents if they are family friends (once again, as long as no attempts to recruit the prospect are made (Razorback 3). There are also many things a booster cannot do. They cannot provide a student-athlete any benefits or special arrangements, provide room or board or transportation during the summer if that student-athlete (or their family and friends) still has eligibility, or expend funds to entertain student-athletes (or their family or friends). A booster is unable to use an enrolled student-athlete to advertise a commercial good or service, use an enrolled student-athlete to promote a good cause (unless okayed by the Compliance Office), provide any payment or loan of an automobile, or provide awards or gifts to the student-athlete (or his family or friends) for his athletic performance, unless it has been approved by the athletic department and it meets NCAA award requirements (Razorback 2). The Reggie Bush scandal led to many sanctions against his college, the University of Southern California. The sanctions that went directly against Bush were that he must be disassociated from USC athletics and all of the statistics acquired by Bush in games where the NCAA deemed Bush ineligible due to rules violations were vacated. You read "Reggie Bush Scandal" in category "Papers" USC also inherited sanctions due to this scandal. They are banned from postseason play after the 2010 and 2011 seasons, lose 30 total scholarships over the 2011-2013 seasons, and they are on four years of probation with the NCAA. Also, all of USC’s victories from December of 2004 until the end of the 2005 season (including USC’s National Championship win over Oklahoma) and must vacate all titles, trophies, and banners won during the games where Bush was deemed ineligible by the NCAA (Robinson and Cole 2). The one thing that the NCAA has no control over through their sanctions is the BCS bowl games or in the Heisman voting. The NCAA has no jurisdiction over the 2004 BCS trophy or Bush’s 2005 Heisman Trophy. The decisions to remove these trophies are up to the BCS and the Heisman Trust, respectively (Robinson and Cole 4). The NCAA has forced a school to vacate a national championship seven times, although none of those times were in major sports (Wetzel, â€Å"BCS† 2). â€Å"The fear has always been that by vacating a national championship, the NCAA would be telling the American public that the season it just witnessed was a fraud. But the same thing applies when clear standards aren’t held, when the kids who didn’t take are played a fool†, Dan Wetzel writes (Wetzel, â€Å"Take† 2). This quote speaks truth, in that the NCAA not only has a responsibility to pleasing its fans, but also to keeping the game fair for all. New Era, a sports agency ounded with the goal of building clientele around Reggie Bush, was created on November 23, 2005 (Timeline 15). The idea of New Era Sports was allegedly thought up by LaMar Griffin, Bush’s stepfather. In September of 2004, Griffin allegedly approached Lloyd Lake about creating the agency (Timeline 1). A month later, Griffin and Lake approach Michael Michaels, a member of the Sycuan Indian tribe, about creating New Era Sports and Entertainment (Timeline 2). Now that Lake and Michaels had agreed to make this agency with Griffin, the three decided to bring the idea to the Sycuan Indian tribe, to form a partnership with them in New Era. The Sycuan Indian tribe denies the offer, however, and the group is left to form this agency on their own (Timeline 13). The scandal between Bush and New Era would soon begin. There are many occurrences that make Bush look guilty. On March 4, 2005, Bush went to Marshall Faulk’s (St. Louis Rams’ running back) birthday party in San Diego. Bush stayed in a suite at the Manchester Grand Hyatt for two days. The expenses of $1574. 86 were covered using Michaels’ credit card (Timeline 5). Six days later, Bush stayed at the Venetian Resort and Casino in Las Vegas for two days. The cost was $623. 3, which was all paid for on Michaels’ credit card (Timeline 6). In the spring of 2005, New Era gave Bush almost $13000 to purchase a black-on-black 1996 Chevy Impala SS in Los Angeles (Timeline 9). During September of 2005, Lake and Michaels visited Bush in the USC locker room after a football game. This would be the first of at least two locker room visits by New Era (Ti meline 11). All of this information points to Reggie Bush as being guilty. However, there are also things that make Bush seem innocent. Bush’s stepfather, LaMar Griffin, went out and made New Era to be centralized around Bush. New Era, which is alleged to have given up to one hundred thousand dollars in cash and girts to bush and his family illegally (Key 2). When the relationship between Bush and New Era ended in December of 2005, New Era fizzled out (Timeline 19). Both Lloyd Lake and Michael Michaels are suing the Bush family for the benefits and for the firm’s failure (Key 3). In November of 2004, the Griffins used Bush’s future signing with the firm as leverage to gain illegal benefits. They were able to have Michaels pay off twenty-eight thousand dollars in debt for the Griffins (Timeline 3). These facts are leading to LaMar Griffin abusing his stepson’s talent and value to gain these illegal benefits. It makes Bush look like the victim, not the culprit. On March 29, 2005, Michael Michaels purchased a beautiful three thousand and two square foot home in Spring Valley, California, about thirteen miles east of San Diego. It cost Michaels seven hundred and fifty-seven thousand dollars (Timeline 7). The home was located at the corner of Apple Street and Luther Avenue. It was built in the late 2004’s and early 2005’s (Robinson 2). In April of 2005, Bush’s family was having financial troubles with their residence. Michaels allowed them to move into the Spring Valley home he had purchased just a month earlier (Timeline 8). After a few months, Bush’s family is unable to keep up on their payments for the home. They tell Michaels that they will pay using their share of the profits New Era will make once Bush declares for the NFL Draft and is able to sign with the firm (Timeline 10). Finally, almost a whole year after they moved in, Bush’s family received an eviction notice from New Era, requiring them to leave the home (Timeline 27). Information that linked the Spring Valley home to Michael Michaels began to arise. On April 20, 2006, Denise Griffin, Bush’s mother, was approached about this connection, but she refused to comment. Not even twenty-four hours later, the Griffins abruptly move out and take with them twelve thousand dollars in home furnishings provided by Michaels. The University of Southern California then asked the Pac-10 to investigate the Spring Valley home and its ties to Bush and New Era (Timeline 29). After this scandal, it seemed Bush was definitely guilty, but Bush did not receive any benefits from the Spring Valley home. The Griffins received all of the illegal benefits which make it seem like Bush is not at fault in this particular situation. Soon after, Bush would begin his career in the NFL. On January 12, 2006, Reggie Bush declared for the NFL Draft (Timeline 22). Later that month, Bush hired Mike Ornstein to be his marketing representative and Joel Segal to negotiate his NFL contract (Timeline 23). On April 24, 2006, the NCAA joined the investigation of Reggie Bush and New Era. Later that day, Houston Texans general manager Charles Casserly called Bush and left him a voicemail. Casserly asked for Bush to explain the Spring Valley home and its ties to him, his family, and New Era (Timeline 30). The next day, Casserly calls Bush again. Bush answered the phone, but was about to get onto a plane so he could not continue the conversation further. Bush says he will call Casserly when he arrives in North Carolina (Timeline 31). A day later, Bush called Casserly back, but did not get into specifics about the Spring Valley home. Bush only tells Casserly, â€Å"It will be taken care of in a couple of days†, (Timeline 32). David Cornwell, Bush’s attorney, turns over evidence of an extortion plot by New Era against Reggie Bush. Bush continued to deny knowledge of any ties between the Spring Valley home, his family, and New Era. Also on April 28, 2006, The Houston Texans pass on Bush with the number one overall draft pick. Instead, they choose defensive end Marion Williams from North Carolina State. Casserly says that Bush’s refusal to discuss the Spring Valley home controversy did play a role in their decision to not select him in the NFL Draft (Timeline 33). Mike Ornstein, who was hired in January of 2006 by Bush to be his marketing representative, was involved in yet another scandal surrounding Reggie Bush (Timeline 23). The relationship between Bush and Ornstein began in the summer of 2005 when Bush was an intern for Ornstein as a Reebok consultant (Timeline 10). Ornstein is alleged to have also given Bush illegal benefits (Key 6). The scandal began when Ornstein started working for clients and not giving CWC Sports, where he was employed, a cut. The head of CWC Sports, Lee Pfiefer, is in the midst of suing Ornstein for breach of contract of the partnership in CWC Sports. He is attempting to get half of the profits Ornstein gained form the stolen clientele, including Reggie Bush (Key 9). James Fritz, another employee of CWC Sports, used his credit card to pay for the travel of Bush’s family to Oakland. He still works for Ornstein and refuses to comment on the allegations against him and Ornstein (Key 10). Once Ornstein became an adviser to the Bush family in interviewing prospective agents, the scandal started to be seen by the media (Timeline 14). On December 29, 2005, Ornstein requested a $500000 advance on a memorabilia contract that New Jersey sports memorabilia dealer Bob DeMartino had proposed for Bush (Timeline 20). Most of this information leads one to believe Bush is guilty. However, it is not recognized that Bush still has not received any direct benefits form Ornstein. All of the benefits went to the Griffins. The main argument that defends Reggie Bush has to deal with his stepfather, LaMar Griffin. LaMar is alleged to have started the idea to make the firm New Era Sports and Entertainment, and to have it centralized around Bush. He is also alleged to have used Bush’s future potential to gain illegal benefits. The courts, however, have left the issue of whether the llegations against him are true and they are targeting all of the lawsuits against the entire Bush family, including LaMar Griffin and Reggie Bush (Key 5). On December 10, 2005, Mike Ornstein bought suits for LaMar Griffin and Reggie Bush’s brother. Ornstein also buys Denise Griffin, Bush’s mother, a makeover and purchases a limo for the three of them (Timeline 16). The most incriminating piece of evidence against LaMar Griffin was discovered on December 12, 2005. LaMar Griffin showed a New Era brochure to a reporter form the San Diego Union-Tribune. â€Å"New Era is a new company opening- they sent me a brochure, they’re here in San Diego! claimed Griffin (Timeline 17). LaMar Griffin promoted New Era and did not say that he had any connections with the firm. In fact, he acts surprised by the firm’s opening and encourages all to invest in it. He is attempting to fool the American public into funding a firm that he uses to gain benefits by abusing his stepson’s future potential. This makes LaMar Griffin the primary suspect in the Reggie Bush scandals, instead of Reggie Bush himself. Reggie Bush has end ured many allegations and lawsuits against him. Through all of these, however, he has remained positive and strong. He continues, to this day, to deny all of the allegations against him (Key 1). Bush’s attorney, David Cornwell, still represents Bush and also claims that Bush was never involved in any of these allegations (Key 8). In early February of 2006, Bush attempted to settle with Michael Michaels. Cornwell, on behalf of Bush, offered Michaels a $100000 settlement. Michaels, though, decides to deny the settlement and pursue the case against Bush further (Timeline 25). On February 13, 2006, as a rebuttal to Bush’s settlement offer, Michael Michaels offers Bush a settlement. Brian Watkins, on behalf of Michaels, offers Bush a $3200000 settlement (Timeline 26). Reggie Bush is not to blame for the allegations against him and, as a result, the sanctions against USC. Instead, his step-father, LaMar Griffin, is at fault in this situation. Griffin abused Reggie Bush’s future potential in order to gain illegal benefits. Bush was used as a scape-goat by Griffin and is now being falsely punished. Griffin should incur all of these punishments, not Bush. However, the real damage to Bush is his loss of proper standing in society’s view, which cannot be fully recovered even if he is found innocent. In conclusion, Reggie Bush is not at fault in the scandal surrounding him. LaMar Griffin used Bush for his own selfish purposes and is letting Bush take the fall for it. Bush may be able to prove that he is innocent of these crimes. He may be able to not incur these large punishments for such heinous crimes. One thing he cannot change, though, is how the American public now vies him. At one time, Reggie Bush was a household name. He was known for his blazing speed and electrifying kick returns. Now, Reggie Bush is still a household name, but not for the same reasons. Now his name is covered in scandal and controversy. He may never be able to return to being on the public’s good side. That, out of anything, is the biggest shame: that a college student-athlete’s own family would use them for selfish gain that could jeopardize his career. Bush, however, is on his way to recovering his image. He was quoted to say about the Heisman Trophy, â€Å"Each individual carries the legacy of the award and each one is entrusted with its good name. It is for these reasons that I have made the difficult decision to forfeit my title as Heisman winner of 2005† (Lamport-Stokes 3). Some say that this statement proves Bush is guilty and that he would rather turn himself in than get caught. But another way to look at this is that Reggie Bush has the utmost respect for the Heisman Trophy and all it represents. He would rather forfeit his title than let allegations against him blemish the good name of the award. In that sense, he is the complete opposite of LaMar Griffin, who used Bush. Works Cited Finnegan, Lauren. â€Å"Reggie Bush Scandal: By Far Not the First or Last in Sports- Yahoo! News. † The Top News Headlines on Current Events from Yahoo! News- Yahoo! News. 8 Sept. 2010. Web. 9 Sept. 2010. lt;http://news. yahoo. com/s/ac/20100908/cm_ac/6748812_reggie_bush_scandal_by_far_not_the_first_or_last_in_ sportsgt;. Gray, Madison. â€Å"USC Trojans Get Black Eye Over Reggie Bush Scandal- TIME NewsFeed. † TIME NewsFeed- Breaking News and Updates. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://newsfeed. time. com/2010/06/10/usc-trojans-get-black-eye-over-reggie-bush-scandal/gt;. â€Å"The Key Figures- Reggie Bush Investigation- Yahoo! Sports. † College Sports- Rivals. com. 14 Sept. 2010. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://rivals. yahoo. com/ncaa/football/news? slug=ys-bush_castgt;. Lamport-Stokes, Mark. Reggie Bush to Forfeit Heisman Trophy- Yahoo! News. † The Top News Headlines on Current Events from Yahoo! News- Yahoo! News. Ed. Justin Palmer. 14 Sept. 2010. We b. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://news. yahoo. com/s/nm/us_nfl_bush_heismangt;. â€Å"Razorback Foundation/ Booster Guide to NCAA Rules. † Razorback Foundation/ Main Page. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://www. razorbackfoundation. com/ncaa. htmgt;. Robinson, Charles and Jason Cole. â€Å"USC Hit Hard by NCAA Sanctions- College Football- Rivals. com. † College Sports- Rivals. com. 10 June 2010. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://rivals. yahoo. om/ncaa/football/news? slug=ys-uscpenalties061010gt;. Works Cited Robinson, Charles. â€Å"Yahoo! Sports Report: Reggie Bush’s Family Home- Yahoo! Sports. † Yahoo! Sports- Sports News, Scores, Rumors, Fantasy Games, and More. 23 Apr. 2010. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://sports. yahoo. com/nfl/news? slug=cr-bush042306gt;. â€Å"The Timeline- Reggie Bush Investigation- Yahoo! Sports. † College Sports: Rivals. com. 14 Sept. 2010. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://rivals. yahoo. com/ncaa/football/news? slug=ys-bush_timelinegt;. Wetz el, Dan. â€Å"BCS Officials: Ineligible Bush Could Dethrone USC- College Football- Rivals. om† College Sports: Rivals. com. 28 Apr. 2006. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://rivals. yahoo. com/ncaa/football/news? slug=dw-bush042806gt;. Wetzel, Dan. â€Å"Take Back the Title- Reggie Bush Investigation- Yahoo! Sports. † College Sports: Rivals. com. 14 Sept. 2010. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://rivals. yahoo. com/ncaa/football/news? slug=dw-bush_uscgt;. â€Å"Why Student-Athletes Are Not Paid to Play- NCAA. org. † Public Home Page- NCAA. org. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. lt;http://www. ncaa. org/wps/wcm/connect/public/ncaa/issues/why student-athletes are not paid to playgt;. How to cite Reggie Bush Scandal, Papers

Business Statistics for Gym

Question: Discuss about the Business Statistics for Gym. Answer: Introduction Gym has become an important part of the customers. Customers go to gym for various purposes (Schaefer et al. 2014). They mainly go to gym to gain strength or to lose weight. Germany and America are considered in this assignment and the status of the customers who go to gym will be analyzed for these two countries. It is seen that some of the customers are ashamed of their bodies while some are not. It is also seen that some of the customers want their gym to unisex while some feels that it is important to have high variety of equipments in the gym. In this assignment, the preference and responses of the customers would be analyzed and these analyses would be interpreted to find an overview of the service of the gym and the responses of the customers about the gym. Various statistical methods would be used to analyze the responses of the customers of the gym. Charts and graphs would also be provided to support the analysis and provide a pictorial representation of the collected data. Review of academic sources According to the viewpoint of Wicker et al. (2016), it is seen that in a sample of 996 adults who were surveyed, the responses from 452 samples were successfully coded. It was seen that the increase in the BMI if any adult is related to a lesser amount of moderate intensity of the physical activities and the higher value of overall worse health. It was seen that there exists a relationship between the BMI of an individual and intensity of physical activity done by an individual (Gopinath et al. 2013) When a person spends more time in weights in gym, the person performs more of physical activity. The article shows that the intensity of any physical activity explains the 20 percent variance of the variable BMI. Bivariate analysis and hypothesis test Two numerical variables are chosen for the purpose of bivariate analysis. The variables chosen for this purpose are BMI and Minutes on weigh machine. These two variables will undergo ANOVA and regression analysis to test the hypothesis of the test. Descriptive statistics would also be performed on these two variables. The relationship between these two variables is given below in the scatter diagram: Figure 1: relationship between BMI and Minutes spend on weight machine (Source: created by author) The data of the variables, BMI and Minutes spend on weight machine shows that there exists a negative relationship between these two variables. With the increase in the value of BMI, there is a decrease in time spend on weight machine in gym (Moholdt et al. 2014). It can be interpreted that when a person has higher BMI, he becomes unfit and can spend less time on weight machines in gym. On becoming fit by reducing BMI, the person can invest more time on the weight machines in gym (Factor and Youth 2015). The mean value of the variable BMI is found to be 26.206 kg/m2 while the standard deviation of the variable was found to be 2.9698 kg/m2. It can be interpreted that the average BMI of the chosen samples is around the normal BMI values and the value of standard deviation shows that the BMI of the chosen samples is not much deviated from the mean of the variable (Sarkar et al. 2013). The mean value of the variable Minutes on weight machine was found to be 22.95 minutes and the standard deviation was found to be 15.9876 minutes. It can be interpreted that the average time spent by the samples on the weights in gym is 22.95 minutes (Erfle and Gamble 2015). The value of standard deviation shows that the value of the variable deviates moderately from the mean value of the variable. The hypothesis of the test is given below: H0: The slope is not different to zero H1: the slope is different to zero ANOVA test had been performed at 5% level of significance and the p value of the test was found to be 0.020114934. This value is less than 0.05 and it shows that the test is significant. This shows that the null hypothesis is rejected and the slope of the equation of these two variables is different to zero. Managerial advice It is seen that the normal BMI of an individual lies in the range of 18.5 to 25 kg/m2. People having their BMI above this range is said to be either overweight or obese. It is proposed that the management of gym must differentiate their customers having BMI above 25 kg/m2 and below it. They must arrange a minimum time for the person who had BMI above 25 kg/m2. This would help the people having higher BMI to increase their time in weights machines in gym. This would help them to reduce their BMI and have a fit and healthy body. Analysis of the data in context of proposed change The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of customers whose BMI is greater than 25 kg/m2 was found to be (0.5248, 0.7151). The lower limit of proportion of customers whose BMI is greater than 25 kg/m2 was 0.5248 and the upper limit of proportion of customers whose BMI is greater than 25 kg/m2 was 0.7151 (Marques et al. 2016). In order to test the claim that the proportion of customers that support the change mentioned above is greater than 50 percent, one sample test was performed. The z value of the test was found to be 2.4722 and the p value of the right tailed test was found to be 0.0067. The hypothesis of the test is as follows: H0: p = p0 and H1: p p0. The p value of the test was found to be less than 0.05 and this shows that the test is significant. The null hypothesis is rejected in this case. This shows that the proportion of samples who have BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 is above 50 percent. Conclusion It can be concluded that according to the academic sources people having higher BMI spend less time in the weight machines in gym. It is seen that the average BMI of the selected sample is 26.206 and the standard deviation of the BMI of samples is 2.96. The average value of the variable minutes on weight machine in gym was found to be 22.95 and the value of standard deviation was 15.9876. It is seen that the slope of the equation of these two variables is different to zero. On differentiating the BMIs of the sample below 25kg/m2 and above it, the 95% confidence interval of the proportion of samples that support the claim was found to be (0.5248, 0.7151). On performing one sample test to claim the proportion that the customers who support the above change is over 50%, the claim was found to be true. Thus, the analysis of the data of gym is concluded. References Erfle, S.E. and Gamble, A., 2015. Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents.Journal of School Health,85(1), pp.27-35. Factor, S.P.A.A.P. and Youth, O.M.S.I., 2015. Influence Of Gender, Weight And Hispanic Ethnicity On Physical Activity In Toddlers. Gopinath, B., Hardy, L.L., Baur, L.A., Burlutsky, G. and Mitchell, P.A.U.L., 2013. Birth weight and time spent in outdoor physical activity during adolescence.Med Sci Sports Exerc,45(3), pp.475-80. Marques, A., Ekelund, U. and Sardinha, L.B., 2016. Associations between organized sports participation and objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time and weight status in youth.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,19(2), pp.154-157. Moholdt, T., Wislff, U., Lydersen, S. and Nauman, J., 2014. Current physical activity guidelines for health are insufficient to mitigate long-term weight gain: more data in the fitness versus fatness debate (The HUNT study, Norway).British journal of sports medicine, pp.bjsports-2014. Sarkar, C., Gallacher, J. and Webster, C., 2013. Built environment configuration and change in body mass index: the caerphilly prospective study (CaPS).Health place,19, pp.33-44. Schaefer, L., Plotnikoff, R.C., Majumdar, S.R., Mollard, R., Woo, M., Sadman, R., Rinaldi, R.L., Boul, N., Torrance, B., Ball, G.D. and Veugelers, P., 2014. Outdoor time is associated with physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in youth.The Journal of pediatrics,165(3), pp.516-521. Wicker, P., Coates, D. and Breuer, C., 2016. Utilizing a Short-term Fitness Program to Address Time Constraints among Fitness Participants.International Journal of Sports Science,6(3), pp.100-105.

Nuclear vs. Petroleum free essay sample

Through out the history of the United states the main source of energy has been conventional Oil, Coal, and gas energy, or better known as Conventional petroleum energy. However as the demand for electricity sky rockets the pollution produced from the traditional fossil fuel burning plants is reaching dangerous levels. Gas, coal and oil burning power plants are as of now responsible for half of America’s air pollution (tripod/online). Not to mention fossil fuels are the greatest contributors to global warming in today’s society. Burning coal produces massive amounts of carbon dioxide which slowly eats away the protection layer of our Ozone. Coal also contains radioactive material. In Comparison a coal fired power plant emits far more radiation into the air then a Nuclear power plant. I would also like to mention that not just America but the world’s fossil fuels reserves are decreasing dramatically. You would think that over the years and after all the studies that have taken place about the dangers of conventional energy would have forced us to act upon this situation much faster, however in fact over the years the sulfurous coal which many plants use now causes way more pollution than coal used in the past. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear vs. Petroleum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most coal contains significant amounts of sulfur. After burning, this changes to sulfur dioxide and then eventually into sulfuric acid. If it is still not removed past a certain stage, burned sulfur is one of the main causes of acid rain (geocities/online). Another disadvantage of using coal as a source of energy is it produces very large quantities of ash that has to be disposed of, which creates a lot of smoke. Natural gas is also one of the main components of conventional energy; however it too, is not so good for the environment but more importantly the world’s natural gas reserves are extremely limited. Like coal it also produces large amounts of carbon dioxide while also contributing to the greenhouse gases. Another arising fact about natural gas is that we as a nation are consuming it so fast that the generation before us will see the price rise so much that it will no longer be an economical fuel to use. If you think about it, this means in the future we are going to have no choice but to reserve our natural gas for more valuable uses than burning fuel. Lastly there is oil despite the low cost of oil itself, locating additional oil reserves is an extremely costly and ongoing process with no guarantee of success. For instance, when that does not work we have to buy expensive oil from other nations leading our country into an increasingly amount of debt. It is quite obvious that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages by a long shot. For example oil is non- sustainable which makes it not very reliable. Basically there could easily be a shortage and we would have no alternative fuel to fall back on. Oil spills are also a huge factor in the producing process of energy. Especially at sea , it causes severe pollution to a variety of ecosystems which then in most cases harms the wildlife, sometimes even results in death. Unlike nuclear energy which is for the most part environmentally friendly and constantly producing for itself. Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission. At a nuclear power plant the fission process is used to generate heat for producing steam, this then is used by a system of turbines to generate electricity(about/online ). This process creates very little pollution while at the same time, the estimated amount of time for the uranium source ( the basic element of nuclear energy) to run out is in about one thousand years where as to conventional oil has only fifty years before it is burned up. It would be important to establish this plants as soon as possible to effectively decrease the amount of pollution being put out every day quickly. Nuclear power plants also use very little fuel so they are much less vulnerable to shortages due to strikes or natural disasters. Another plus to nuclear energy is, international relations will have little effect on the supply of fuel to the reactors because uranium is evenly deposited around the world. To most people safety is the biggest issue towards producing nuclear energy. However from my point of view I find it to be very safe, there are so many precautions that prevent a disaster or meltdown that throughout history it has been prevented well. For instance, each year anywhere from ten thousand to fifty thousand Americans die from respritory diseases due to the burning of coal, as to the three hundred deaths in nuclear energy related accidents. If you ask me that is an outstanding statistic. Another precaution taken is the six feet think walls of the nuclear reactor dome designed to withstand extreme situations such as , an earthquake or even a direct hit by a commercial airliner. After researching my position on nuclear energy I strongly believe that it is important to make the transition from conventional to nuclear energy as soon as possible. In the end, it is less harmful to the environment, it is a more affordable solution in the end for our nation; that is already up to our necks in debt, and it also results in far less deaths of our American citizens annually. I feel as if conventional energy should simply just be a part of history now, so that we can look past it, and like all other mistakes from history not repeat it.

Critical thinking and language essay

Critical thinking and language essay Free Online Research Papers Metaphors: Today was bright fire and oven heat. The sun was burning my skin already when I left my house. I was too tired to even think. My weary shell became heavier as the day went on. All day people were talking at me more than they were talking to me. Work was a tornado of complaints, calculations, and questions. I did not think the day would ever end. â€Å"If only I had called in sick†, I kept thinking. The hours melted into a puddle that was slow to evaporate. I found myself staring at the computer screen hoping that its radiation would provide me with some energy. The morning’s coffee had only managed to keep my eyelids from collapsing. In the afternoon I stepped back out into the sun to make an attempt at a solar energy transfusion. I succeeded only in temporarily blinding my eyes. Back in my cubicle later on I began to imagine I was a prisoner and that I would be forced to work without sleep forever. My only deliverance was the screaming numbers on the clock that at five o’clock released me to go home. Critical Thinking and Language Essay How and what language we use determines how we think. Critical thinking is no different. What language we think and use to describe something ultimate dictates how severely we examine it. The critical thinking process involves looking at something and examining it many different ways. If the language we possess is limited, our different ways of examining a subject are limited as well. If on the other hand the language we possess is extensive, then we can examine more extensive aspects of whatever subject we are thinking about. Language diversity though outwardly challenging, can be a very exciting communication experience. Imagine yourself in a foreign country alone and without transportation or any means of communicating with anyone in your native tongue. It will be time consuming to communicate with someone who does not speak, read, or write like you. Put enough time and effort into the exercise and a person will learn new words and new ways at looking at language of any type. A community that is made up of diverse languages and cultures can also open the mind to new interesting ways at using language. Think for example of the southwestern United States where often the Spanish language works its way into conversations in English. Although the participants in the conversation may not have all learned Spanish, the Spanish words they have learned and choose to use in that conversation have a different emphasis than if the English word was used instead. â€Å"English has the same limitations that all languages have: it structures our perceptions and our memory, and it is subject to inaccurate definitions, conflicting connotations, ambiguous positioning, and distorting euphemisms† (Kirby and Goodpaster, 1999). Language empowers our expressions precisely by structuring the words we use to suit a specific purpose. Rather than saying large we can say huge and therefore provoke a different sentiment. Language limits us when emotions are too strong to be put into words without losing their meaning. Also when we have a thought or experience that there are no words for and therefore we cannot fully understand it. In the realm of persuasive thinking, both the persuader and the person being influenced must use their critical thinking skills to gain the advantage in the situation. A person attempting to persuade another’s thinking or behavior must analyze what they know about that person, what feedback or body language they receive in order to figure out what the best tactic to utilize is. Most of this information gathering is based on prior learned knowledge, and successful versus unsuccessful experiences. For the person being persuaded they must use their critical thinking skills to analyze the situation that they are in. They must ask themselves if the person who is trying to convince them is credible, what their motives are, whether they are lying. Particular attention should be paid to the language a persuader uses because it can make all the difference in whether or not a person is influenced in the situation. In conclusion, the language we know influences the way we think. The way we think influences the language we use. Critical thinking must be implemented in order to determine the best path of thought and the best use of language in any given situation. Research Papers on Critical thinking and language essayQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBringing Democracy to Africa

Research Paper on Homelessness

Research Paper on Homelessness Research Paper on Homelessness This is a free example research paper on Homelessness: Homelessness is a very huge problem that America has come to face. Millions of people, including children, families, babies, veterans, and the elderly live day after day without food, water or a roof over their heads. People that are mentally ill also have it tough on the streets, which can be extremely confusing to them, and dangerous to the rest of society. This problem must be solved soon, and therefore should be addressed as a major crisis that is affecting our society. The number of homeless families with children has increased significantly over the past decade or so. They are among the fastest growing segments of the homeless population. Together they are approximately 40% of all people who are homeless. Sadly, rural areas contain the largest group of homeless families, single mothers, and children. Emotions hit home when children and babies can be pictured living in an alley with only dreams of warmth, while normal middle class citizens stroll by wearing coats and mittens without even appreciating them. People have not always had to suffer with homelessness. Though the problem has almost always existed, it had not reached a severe level until the early 1970s. With every war there has been a small trickle of homeless veterans to follow, but the Vietnam War and Korean War left a wave of many people without anywhere to go. This was just the start of the problem. Many homeless people lived in places called Skid Row. A place with cheap bars, entertainment, and very cheap housing in buildings called SROs, or Single Room Occupancy. Then cities started to grow, and in the mid 1970s One million SROs were replaced with parking lots, buildings and apartments. Skid Row eventually vanished. Then the government decided to decriminalize what was left to control. That means there were a great many homeless people that would normally be arrested under these conditions, still roaming the streets. Women and children started to filter in to the homeless scene, and then in a huge recession in the 1980s 11,000,000 people were laid off (9.7% of all jobs). The numbers of homeless people soared. It didnt stop here though. President Reagan and Bush dropped public housing funds from 30 billion dollars to 6.7 billion, a net loss of 37,800 houses per year. By the beginning of the 1990s, over one million people were on waiting lists for homes. The one category that most people assume all homeless fall into is the undeserving homeless, or bums. These are usually men in their 40s or 50s who sit around all day and do nothing. They dont try and help themselves or others. They lie and cheat and honestly deserve nothing because they could never give anything if they were forced to. They make up a very small group in fact, about 4% of all homeless. Drugs are everywhere on the streets. It is estimated that 20% of all people living on the streets use hard drugs daily. Such drugs as cocaine, heroine, and morphine plague certain areas. AIDS often spreads like wildfire among people who share un-sterilized needles, and once a person contracts the HIV virus, they become a statistic in the disabled category. Even the people with full time jobs are in need of permanent residence. These people live on eating scraps of food from trash cans, and possible meals from shelters on occasion, but those are usually three times a week at dinner, or some other type of schedule. People who have homes rarely think, nor can comprehend what terrible things that the homeless have to go through. They live in abandoned buildings, cars, buses, boxes, on park benches and underground. They eat bits of old fruit and meat with the mold and green sludge scrapped off. I have realized that there seem to be two main elements in saving a homeless person. The government needs to help homeless people get back on their feet. They need to make sure also that homeless people dont abuse systems such as social security and housing. Also, the homeless need to get up on their own two feet, for themselves. Finding jobs, such as selling Homeless Newspapers seems to be a common first step. A vendor gets the papers for free or low cost, sells them for something like a dollar and keeps 55 cents, or a little more than half, for each sold. The homeless can then use this money to pay for food, shelter, and etcetera. Many shelters exist whose primary goal is to help the homeless get a job and home. They offer computer teachers, landscapers, welders, and other types of craft that can be used in society today. So if the government is willing to help get the homeless roused into the wanting of a better life, and they wish to follow through, then I think we could find a b etter, faster way to end the nations problem of homelessness. We see them as a crowd, one entity; we call them the homeless, as if it identifies who they are. What most forget is that they are also people. These â€Å"people† with social disabilities or financial problems are abandoned by society and become homeless on the streets. And although many believe they don’t owe anyone help, a little generosity could go a long way on the road to lowering homeless numbers around the world. ______________ is a professional research paper writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written research paper on Homelessness from our custom research paper writing service.

Business statistics-----Summarizing Data Statistics Project

Business -----Summarizing Data - Statistics Project Example Given this trend income is likely to increase and people now can afford more luxury items. The major increase was in people earning above $40000 and decline in the income below that range. This shows that this income is becoming a base-line income with time. During the same period there has been increase in Asian ethnicity in the USA and decrease in other ethnicities. So, in developing country those snacks the taste of Asian community should be under great consideration and as they have increased by about 60% in 2000 when comparing with 1990s. Similarly there has been a trend that people are moving towards buying their own house than living in rented house. This shows increase in Living Standard and Disposable income which mean that people will be able to afford the snacks if they are good. As far as employment statistics are concerned there has been an increase in absolute number of people employed but percentage wise unemployment has risen which is not a good indicator. Those in work, Most of them drive themselves to work alone. This shows the increase in living standard as people are not using motor cycles to work and very few of them taking public transport to work. Most of the people take around 20-34 minutes to reach their work.

Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Statements - Essay Example Financial accuracy and transparency is necessary for them as they would base their decision depending on the reports of the financial statement. The accurate representation of the financial statement would motivate an investor to invest, banks to lend money and the government to calculate the right amount of tax for the company. It also benefits the company by spreading their good name and increasing their goodwill in the market. Table of Contents Significance of Accurate Financial Statement for Outside Business Interest 5 Conclusion 7 References 9 Bibliography 10 Introduction The major motive behind creating a financial statement is to analyze the financial position of the company at the end of the year. It is very important to ensure that the financial statements are accurate, as the financial health of the company can be determined through the financial books of the company. It is a critical aspect for the business to create accurate statements because it is not only important for internal requirements of the company but also for the purpose of external reporting and expectation of the investors (Elmaleh, 2005, p. 105-106). The financial statements are the accounting reports which are used to communicate the financial information of the company to the external parties such as banks or the investors. If we consider it from the technical side, we can say that the financial statements help to summarize the processes in accounting and it provides a detailed tabulation of the accounting titles, and the amount of money. It not only indicated the financial position of the company, but also indicates the changes in the financial position from time to time in the organization (McCrary, 2009, p. 83-84). In the recent times, the two major areas that have been identified as the sources of inaccuracy are dishonesty and incompetency. So it can be said that if the organization wants to present a true and accurate picture of the firm, both to the internal and external stake holders of the company, then it must take measures to remove both of the aforementioned inaccuracies from the financial statements. Financial statement which lacks accurate data because of data collected from unreliable sources would be considered incompetent. Financial accuracy begins right from the time of recording the financial statements. Compromise should not be done at the time of recording the information, as it really becomes difficult for the auditor to analyze and detect the actual figures. This may also lead to miscalculations and misinterpretation of data. It is the duty of the audit firm to conduct an audit of the financial statement and ensure the accuracy of the books. During the auditing process the accounting books and the financial statements are thoroughly checked, the inconsistent recording of financial transaction and record of the entity is also ascertained according to the principles of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or International Financia l Reporting Standards (IFRS), in the accuracy test. It is very important for companies to present an error free financial report to attract investors. Internal control system should be adequate to present a transparent image of the firm in the market. The internal control system would include the policies that organizations would adopt to prevent fraud, safeguard the assets of the firm and insert accuracy in the financial analysis. An

Roman Sculpture Essay Example for Free

Roman Sculpture Essay Roman sculpture effects life and plays an important role in Ancient Rome, Julius Caesar, and modern-day society. Statues were an important and influential part of art and architecture in roman culture. Although, most of roman art and architecture came from Greek culture and habits, most people today think of the statues and sculptural techniques as roman. Ancient Rome used statues as ceremonial pieces, public gathering places, frivolous beautifying accessories in public areas, and honorable tributes to the rich or important people of the time. The Romans particularly like statues of gods, leaders, and heroes in action. (All About Ancient) Most sculptures roles in society were to be public meeting places for important events. They were used as central areas for passing information and communicating new rules and guidelines for an area. A whole category of battle and heroic sculpture filled the citizenrys need for information on conquests made by Roman armies. (All Bout Ancient) Although most statues were used for the public, some statues were intended for private viewing only because the subject matter would not be acceptable with commoners seeing as it was offensive or sexually explicit. (All About Ancient) Roman statue effected and played a role in literature as well such as Julius Caesar. In Shakespeare’s play, roman sculpture is used as a ceremonial image and also used to foreshadow the terrible events that unfolded later. In Act 1 of the play, a statue is described as decked with ceremonies for a parade. (Shakespeare) This would be a festival-type event celebrating an important figure returning home, that of which being Caesar. Later on in the play, the very same statue came into importance in Calpurnia’s dream. â€Å"She dreamt tonight she saw my (Caesar’s) statue which, like a fountain with a hundred spouts, did run pure blood, and many lusty romans came smiling and did bathe their hands in it.† This was an important foreshadowed event and without the statue, it would not have been portrayed the same. For as old as roman sculpting techniques are and for as long as statues have been around, they still have an impact on modern-day society. When people think of classic beauty, they think of the statues of gods and goddesses, heroes and leaders created by the ancient Romans. (All About Ancient) The Roman style of sculpture is influenced strongly by Greek style. The Romans saw what the Greeks were doing, like it and imitated it, although most of the statues that have remained and are still here today are roman. (Art) In addition to statues, Roman Emperors were also portrayed on coins, which is where modern-day society got the idea of putting out presidents on coins. (All About Ancient) Many of architectural buildings today are based off of old roman art such as the United States very own capital building. Roman sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, and act as public meeting areas. These statues played important roles in Julius Caesar, Ancient Rome, and modern-day society. Many sculptures were used to represent important events and people, and that cultural idea to represent significant events through art has transferred through into present-day society. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity.

benefits of technology :: essays research papers

Ever since it developed, there has been controversy over whether or not mechanical inventions benefit our lives. Doug Rennie’s article, â€Å"Faxed to the Max†, says â€Å"the timesaving devices we created give us more freedom to do what we want have instead imprisoned us in our own technology.† Although this may be true to some people, everyone has the power to resist technological devices. People can chose to use these tools to enhance their lifestyles, like they can chose to use a hammer or a saw for a project; they don’t necessarily need it, but it would save time and energy. It is the ability to mistreat these inventions that makes some people uneasy towards about using technology in their daily lives. Although it can be abused in many ways, technology used properly is a tool that aids in education, health and communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our physical health has benefited greatly from technology. Through inventions like the pacemaker and artificial limbs, a tremendous amount or people have had better physical conditions. This biological technology is not favorable to all. Some say that it is better for nature to do its work and people should not interfere. The spread of new inventions can soon get out of hand. For example, if we have the ability to clone humans, our lifestyles will change. People will abuse this power by being careless about their health. They believe people think technology can save them in the end, so they can exercise less and eat more unhealthy foods. On the other hand, curative inventions have saved lives and allowed people to lead healthier ones. There can be ways to make technology accessible to only certain people, but there is no reason to stop the usage of these medical products if they can help save lives. An example of one of these products is the pacemaker, invented by Canadian electrical engineer, John Hopps. Because the heart stops beating when it cools, he found that mechanical or electric stimulation could make the heart start up again. Since then, many were given healthier lives. Prosthetic limbs have also played a great role in helping the lives of amputees. Artificial limbs with sensors and microchips have recently been designed so that these people can maintain an active lifestyle rather than being confined to wheelchairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology plays a very important role in the communication of people today. With the touch of a button, the Internet and the cellular telephone can allow us to transmit our message to someone on the other side of the planet.

Portrayal of Female Harassment Issues in TV Dramas Essay

The values of gender equality are promoted among all countries all over the world. Women have become more economically strong and independent even in South Asian region. Media has played a vital role in molding the opinions and providing a sigh of relief to the suppressed women folk. The relationship of women and media is very important as media transforms the real picture of women and their core issues in front of the public through its programs and TV dramas. Media broadcasts important messages on women harassment issues, domestic violence, gender bias, stories of mental torture and gender norms through various TV dramas, talk shows and magazine shows. Keywords: Domestic violence, mental torture, gender harassment, faith, religious strength, patience, tolerance. Introduction Pakistani media has become very liberal, moderate and independent since 2001. Media has played a vital role in molding the opinions of the people and providing a sigh of relief to suppressed women of our society. The relationship between woman and media is very important as media presents the real picture of women issues among of the public. Pakistani media is growing with 60 private TV networks and 12 FM radio channels. Media transmits women domestic harassment, violence, mental torture, rape cases through talk shows and TV dramas. Our TV channels represent all cultural and social bindings of women so the audience can digest them without criticism. In some TV dramas, the Islamic values and trends are also projected. Mostly Pakistani dramas are centered especially on ‘women’ shown as mothers, sisters and wives. Women are critical to almost each and every story. Majority of Pakistani dramas today are a strange mix of growth and regress while some serials do carry a liberal, progressive and gender-sensitive messages. Most of them strengthen the patriarchal values and criticize orthodoxy in the same stride. It is very difficult for the general public to understand the conflicting messages behind several storylines in the modern-day drama. Working women are depicted as strong and independent but also negatively is portrayed by their cunning and vampire-like nature. Women are shown being maltreated by men i. e. slapped, beaten up, humiliated, abused and conversely, men are depicted as the exclusive decision-makers who simply order the women in their lives around, telling them what to do or what not to do. One point is extremely worrying about such scenes depicting male dominance and male chauvinism as they invoke similar negative behavior especially among males in the general public. The ordinary man or woman becomes subject to this reinforcement of stereotypical images of women and adapts and accepts these stereotypes as normal and natural. Honour is depicted often in highly distorted contexts. A brother’s or father’s reaction when a sister or daughter is suspected of immorality is portrayed in such a manner that the crime is glorified and the victim condemned. Very rarely, do these serials convey the idea that ‘honour’ does not have a physical manifestation and is purely related to a person’s character. Honour can never be taken away by the use of force. Overly negative emotions attached to having a daughter-in-law. Words and phrases constantly refer to the presence of a daughter-in-law as an individual who will take far away son from his parents. The expressions of insecurity is attached with parents as they do not want to lose their boy after getting married neither they want to allow him being very close to his wife. Connected to this patriarchal approach is the issue of a divorced woman. The blame is placed squarely on the woman for not being able to keep her marriage intact or her husband happy. A woman who asks for a divorce is portrayed as committing an unpardonable act. In some cases, divorced is given by husbands on suspect of shaky character of women at family level. In Pakistan even today, young girls are forcefully married to old men under the tradition of ‘Family Marriages/Vani’. Sometimes girls are married with old men as their brothers or father has killed someone in bridegroom’s family due to enmity i. e. Fata, North Waziristan, South Waziristan. The top most watched TV channel is GEO TV Network owned by Jang Group of Publications and was launched in 2002. Geo TV is news based and an entertainment channel. Rationale The present paper will highlight the relationship between gender and media with reference of Pakistani TV Drama Serial titled as â€Å"Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan† that went on air on GEO TV in 2009. The rationale of carrying out this research on this play is as follows: Domestic (married) woman portrayal in media? How religion can be used for woman harassment in domestic affairs and consequences? How human relationships can be disturbed by telling lies, taking fake oaths on Holy Books and putting allegations on innocent people? Sometimes woman fights against many strange persons and situations to safe her martial life or relationship besides having feelings of self-pity and self-assassination. What are the reasons behind it? Domestic violence on women Pakistan is counted among those countries that falls in the headlines due to domestic and gender-based harassment issues. The ratio of sexual harassment victims is alarmingly getting high in Pakistan. Domestic violence is physical, sexual, psychological or financial violence that takes place within an intimate relationship and forms a pattern of coercive and controlling behavior.  This can include ‘forced marriage’ and ‘honour crimes’. * Pakistan is an Islamic state where 70 percent girls are forced to get married on their parent’s choice in rural and urban areas and choice marriages are still rare due to prevailing feudal culture of the society. Culturally and ethically, women are bound to pass their lives as per their husbands will and under his supremacy and authority. * Divorce in any case is not tolerable even in well-educated and sophisticated families and a divorce woman cannot pass a ‘stable’ life ahead. Choice marriages (boy/girl) are considered as a severe crime. * Repression of women continues even after marriage at the hands of husbands or in-laws. The worst form of married woman’s conflict is with her mother-in-law. In most of the divorce cases, mother-in-law or sister-in-law have played a primary role. * The husband or any close relative from the family can show doubts on woman’s character/ extra-marital affair. In some cases, husbands are found killing or divorcing t heir wives on these issues. Concept of Oath-taking on Holy Book Religious aspect is also very important in our society. Sometimes, woman has to justify herself in front of the whole family by taking an oath on ‘Quran’ which is considered as giving decision of conflict in Allah’s Almighty’ s hand. This custom is called as â€Å"Quran Uthana† in our society commonly practiced in four provinces of Pakistan. If the oath is completely based on truth, it will save her life forever but if the oath taken on Quran will be on false statement; the situation will be vice verse. I will mention a saying of Hazrat Imam Hussain (AS) â€Å"Do not be aggressive towards a person who has nobody to defend against you except Allah†. Never take a false oath by Allah as a witness keeping hand on Quran, as it is one of the major sins in Islam. Do not make your oaths a means of deceiving one another or your foot will slip after it was firmly placed and you will taste evil for barring access to the way of Allah and you will have a terrible punishment. (Quran: Nahl, 16:92) Those who sell Allah’s contract and their own oaths for a paltry price, such people will have no portion in the next world, and on the ray of rising Allah will not speak to them or look at them or purify them. They will have a painful punishment. (Quran: Al Imran, 3:77) Methodology: This study is an attempt to examine the relationship between gender and media as well as media dependency on religious norms of the society. It focuses on the female gender harassment at domestic level by giving religious justifications. This issue has been depicted brilliantly in one of the Pakistani TV drama serials â€Å"Meri Zaat Zara-e-Benishan† in 2009-2010. For a purposeful study, this play, its dialogues, scenes, characterization, religious aspects, impact on female viewers has been studied and deeply reviewed by the researcher under the methodology of content analysis and survey.

George Washington’s Farewell Address

George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were the first and the third presidents of the United States, respectively and both were established presidents in their own ways. In George Washington's Farewell Address he advised Americans to not get entangled within foreign countries' problems and conflicts and to not have everlasting alliances and treaties. Washington also did not like the idea of having diverse political parties, and he also stressed the magnitude of religion and morality.Thomas Jefferson, in his first Inaugural Address states that a superior government ill be able to permit its citizens to be well mannered, but at the same time let them organize themselves in what they desire to do. Jefferson also says that all principles will never change. Although they were both highly respected and regarded to as some of the greatest presidents in American history they didn't always have the same opinions on what would be best for the growing nation.In his Farewell Address, George Wash ington mentions that Americans should mind American business and not be concerned with foreign conflicts because the United States had Just won a ery expensive war for their independence and already owed money to their new ally the French. This was a warning to all Americans because during that time America was still young, and it had many of its own problems to solve. Jefferson was also not in favor of getting involved with foreign entanglements.As Napoleon advanced into Europe, Jefferson decided to remain neutral in the conflict by banning all European trade from American Ports because of the British forces firing upon the Chesapeake. As harassment from Barbary pirates began to become an issue Washington was ersuaded to build up an American Navvy in order to protect those in harm and to retrieve the captured sailors. Thomas Jefferson's approach to the pirates was a little different from Washington's in that he chooses to implement a blockade of Tripoli and other Barbary ports in 1 801; these actions forced him to reconsider his advocacy of budget cuts for the American navy.These actions then allowed the American naw to become respected by the rest of the world, because it proved that they wouldn't be pushed around by anyone. Jefferson and Washington were both in favor of not etting involved in foreign entanglements as they showed through these actions and in their Addresses. George Washington specifically addressed the issue of diverse political parties. Washington thought political parties and political party dominance were very bad ideas.He wanted it to be about the best candidate being elected, not about two parties taking over and preventing all other parties from having an opportunity of being nominated. He said this because he believed it was dangerous to have power blocs arise from these different opinions. These different parties, the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists were beginning to surface had different thought which in turn caused many h eated debates and a lot of aggression towards the opposite parties. However Jefferson knew that political parties were necessary, he voiced the thought in this famous quote.Jefferson said that there is basically no way to escape the differing opinions and political parties in a successful and free nation, due to the nature of man to disagree and to form their own opinions on how they think the nation should be run. Jetterson and his close triend James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson and Washington both had different opinions on the subject of political parties, with Washington strongly disapproving of it and Jefferson being a founder of one of the political parties it is safe to say they didn't share the same mindset on this topic.George Washington was instrumental in stressing the importance of morality and religion. In his Farewell Address Washington that through experience religious values in a government are important. This is referring to the succes sful European nations that have an established religion integrated into their government. Jefferson agreed hat religion was important for people to be able to express and to believe in freely, however Jefferson was very vocal in trying to solidify a position between the church and the state.He was himself a Christian man and placed several god-like statements in the Declaration of Independence. Washington disagreed with Jefferson on the separation of church and state however, they both agreed religion was important in the new nation. In both of their addresses they discussed the issues involving the new government such as the issue of making alliances with other nations or becoming involved in foreign entanglements.Both Washington and Jefferson agreed that for the nation to become successful they must keep away from any foreign affairs regarding the fact that the nation was still developing and if war was to occur it would leave them more susceptible to being taken over. Each of the highly regarded presidents discussed the formation of political parties. Washington thought that political parties would destroy the new system of government. Jefferson on the contrary knew that political parties were inevitable; he then went on, with another respected colleague James Madison, to create the Democratic-RepublicanParty. The subject of religion and morality was discussed greatly in this period of time. Washington believed that for the government to be successful religion must be involved in all of the important branches such as the court systems. Jefferson on the other hand wanted to create a â€Å"wall of separation between church and state. † Although both of the presidents were extremely instrumental in founding and establishing this great nation, they didn't always agree with each other, which isn't bad because to create a good story you must have all points of view.

Byzantine Civilization of the Middle Ages

Byzantine Civilization of the Middle Ages In the fifth century AD, the mighty Roman Empire fell to invading barbarians and complex internal pressures. The land that had been centrally governed for centuries disintegrated into numerous warring states. The safety and privileges enjoyed by some residents of the empire vanished to be replaced by a constant state of danger and uncertainty; others merely traded one set of daily terrors for another. Europe was plunged into what Renaissance scholars would label a dark age. Yet Byzantium remained. The Empire of Byzantium was the eastern portion of the Roman Empire, which was divided in 395 A.D. Its capital of Constantinople, located on a peninsula, was naturally secure from invasion on three sides, and its fourth side was fortified with a network of three walls that withstood direct attack for over a thousand years. Its stable economy provided a strong military and, together with an abundant food supply and advanced civil engineering, a high standard of living. Christianity was firmly entrenched in Byzantium, and literacy was more widespread there than in any other nation in the middle ages. Although the predominant language was Greek, Latin was also fairly common, and at one point all seventy-two of the worlds known languages were represented in Constantinople. Intellectual and artistic endeavors thrived. This is not to say that the Byzantine Empire was an oasis of peace in the desert of the perilous middle ages. On the contrary, its long history is marked by numerous wars and remarkable internal strife. Its official borders expanded and shrank several times as its rulers attempted to restore the empire to its former glory or fought off invaders (or occasionally attempted both simultaneously). The penal system was so harsh as to be viewed by western crusaders no strangers to mutilation and other extreme measures in their own systems of justice as exceedingly cruel. Nevertheless, Byzantium remained the most stable nation of the middle ages. Its central location between western Europe and Asia not only enriched its economy and its culture but allowed it to serve as a barrier against aggressive barbarians from both areas. Its rich historiographical tradition (strongly influenced by the church) preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid art, architecture, literature and technological achievements were built. It is not an altogether unfounded assumption that the Renaissance could not have flourished were it not for the groundwork laid in Byzantium. The exploration of Byzantine civilization is undeniably significant in the study of medieval world history. To ignore it would be akin to studying the classical era without considering the cultural phenomenon of ancient Greece. Unfortunately, much (but thankfully not all) historical investigation into the middle ages has done just that. Historians and students often focused on the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the numerous changes in Europe without ever once glancing at Byzantium. It was often mistakenly believed that the Byzantine Empire was a static state that had little impact on the rest of the medieval world. Fortunately, this view is changing, and a great wealth of information concerning Byzantine Studies has recently been produced much of it available on the net. Selective Byzantine TimelineHighlights from the dynastic history of the Eastern Roman Empire. Byzantine Studies IndexA multilevel directory of useful sites about the people, places, art, architecture, religious history, military history and general history of the Eastern Roman Empire. Also includes maps and useful resources for the professional. Suggested ReadingUseful and informative books about the Eastern Roman Empire, from general histories to biographies, art, militaria, and other fascinating topics. The Forgotten Empire is copyright  © 1997 by Melissa Snell and licensed to About.com. Permission is granted to reproduce this article for personal or classroom use only, provided that the URL is included. For reprint permission, please contact Melissa Snell.

Supreme Court Cases Dealing with Pornography

Supreme Court Cases Dealing with Pornography The Supreme Court has addressed pornography more often than almost any other issue of comparable specificity, and small wonder why- the Court has read an implicit obscenity exception to the free speech clause, giving it the unenviable responsibility of interpreting an unstated 18th-century definition of obscenity two centuries later. And the more the Court has attempted to define obscenity, the more complex that definition has become.The Supreme Court made things slightly easier for itself in three cases, all decided between 1967 and 1973.Jacobellis v. Ohio (1967)Forced to determine whether the art film Les Amants was obscene, despite the fact that it was obviously not intended to serve as pornography, the Court acknowledged the difficulty of its job- before ruling in favor of the film on multiple, vague grounds. Justice Potter Stewart memorably captured the Courts challenge: It is possible to read the Courts opinion in [past pornography cases] in a variety of ways. In saying this, I imply no criticism of the Court, which, in those cases, was faced with the task of trying to define what may be indefinable. I have reached the conclusion, which I think is confirmed at least by negative implication in the Courts [recent decisions] that, under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, criminal laws in this area are constitutionally limited to hard-core pornography. I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description, and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it, and the motion picture involved in this case is not that. These are the rights that appellant is asserting in the case before us. He is asserting the right to read or observe what he pleases the right to satisfy his intellectual and emotional needs in the privacy of his own home. He is asserting the right to be free from state inquiry into the contents of his library. Georgia contends that appellant does not have these rights, that there are certain types of materials that the individual may not read or even possess. Georgia justifies this assertion by arguing that the films in the present case are obscene.But we think that mere categorization of these films as obscene is insufficient justification for such a drastic invasion of personal liberties guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Whatever may be the justifications for other statutes regulating obscenity, we do not think they reach into the privacy of ones own home. If the First Amendment means anything, it means that a State has no business telling a man, sitting alone in his own house, what books he may read or what films he may watch. Our whole constitutional heritage rebels at the thought of giving government the power to control mens minds. The difficulty is that we do not deal with constitutional terms, since obscenity is not mentioned in the Constitution or Bill of Rights †¦ for there was no recognized exception to the free press at the time the Bill of Rights was adopted which treated obscene publications differently from other types of papers, magazines, and books †¦ What shocks me may be sustenance for my neighbor. What causes one person to boil up in rage over one pamphlet or movie may reflect only his neurosis, not shared by others. We deal here with a regime of censorship which, if adopted, should be done by constitutional amendment after full debate by the people.Obscenity cases usually generate tremendous emotional outbursts. They have no business being in the courts. If a constitutional amendment authorized censorship, the censor would probably be an administrative agency. Then criminal prosecutions could follow as, if, and when publishers defied the censor and sold their literature. Under that regi me, a publisher would know when he was on dangerous ground. Under the present regime whether the old standards or the new ones are used the criminal law becomes a trap. In practice, all but the most harmful and exploitative forms of pornography have generally been decriminalized despite the Courts relative lack of clarity on this issue.

Urban Sustainabiliy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Urban Sustainabiliy - Essay Example Populations grow vertically because families stick together and find space to work and connect with people through wealth. Urban places have a better chance of growing horizontally than those places with poorer services who are growing vertically as each person in the block or family or cross-section investigated has to grow out on their own and wish selfishness for himself while growing up. Defining what an urban citizen needs is what every citizen in the world requires:clean air,natural beauty,less pollution and intoxication of natural resources,peace and quietude and simplicity of living and understanding life and people with less complicated structure of behaviour than that which is by the people of rural or countryside places. 'In the context of sustainable urban development, we discuss the assessment of residential environmental quality and the importance of considering inhabitants' perceptions of natural resources in urban areas. Two series of studies, conducted in Guildford (United Kingdom) and in Rome (Italy), addressed the correspondence, or contrast, between inhabitants' and experts' assessment of urban quality concerning two crucial natural resources: air quality and biodiversity. The Guildford study emphasized the accuracy of the assessment of urban air quality by experts and the public. The Rome study focused on the evaluative criteria employed by scientists and the public in assessing the quality of urban green spaces. The results from both studies shed more, albeit complex, light on the simple conventional wisdom about public versus expert understanding and assessment of environmental quality.' (1) This is true as scientists do not have themselves living under the pressure of the persons in need of the changes and challenges especially that their points of discussions could be more of a story than of a realistic impression of what goes on and what is the fact that results in such concerns and what they mean and what they impose on the people who live such conditions which could be fatal to their lives because there is no escaping it. Scientists speak for the purpose of being heard even though much of them speak to solve,but the point of differences resulting in both words of the inhabitants and experts is the realism of what the inhabitants speak of and in the semi-realism of what the experts speak of. As always,the words of inhabitants shown in expert's words leads to the fact and result that inhabitants speak out of emotions and not realization and realization of facts;that their perspectives of the problems is nave and unemploying reason and facilities to exert more effort t o bring thoughts and understanding of the nature of the problem to the person who really lives such an issue. It is like what a doctor's manner of trying to soothe the pain of a dying patient by telling them that they are going to be alright except that they just have to wait a while 'and see furthermore solutions to solve

Should everyone allow to own gun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Should everyone allow to own gun - Essay Example The Founders knew that by ensuring the right to own arms, citizens would have the ability to protect themselves from that which might endanger their life, liberty or pursuit of happiness. This could include bodily protection from persons and animals or from an oppressive government that threatened the freedoms outlined in the Constitution. â€Å"The Second Amendment reflects the founders’ belief that an armed citizenry, called the ‘general militia’ was a necessary precaution against tyranny by our own government and its army† (Krouse, 2002). Most American’s agree that the Second Amendment does allow law-abiding citizens to own guns for protection and hunting. Gun ownership ranks high among these political ideologies and to attempt to ban all guns would make these feelings even stronger. To make the case for upholding the widely perceived ‘right’ to bear arms by allowing rifles and shotguns of a certain length while banning handguns seems the sensible solution and a fight that could be won. This tact has proven effective in other countries such as Britain and many other European nations. Those countries that ban handgun use have a much lower homicide rate than does the U.S. (Reynolds, Caruth, 1992) In the year 2002, more than 3000 American children died as a result of guns, mostly handguns. Compare this with Britain where 19 children were killed by guns in 2005 and Japan where none were killed. Both if these countries have enacted strict gun control laws. The children of America are dying every day so that those who insist they have a right to own an arsenal of weapons and misconstrue the Constitution to justify this desire. (â€Å"Statistics† 2005). Gun enthusiasts mimic the concept that more guns will lead to less violence, that if everyone were carrying a gun, criminals would be too scared to commit crimes. The more is less philosophy. This doesn’t square with reasonable logic or the facts.

Respondeat Superior Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Respondeat Superior Paper - Assignment Example The significance of this doctrine is that it gives the injured party the chance to recover losses or damages incurred, by making the employer liable for all the injuries brought about by an employee’s actions, provided that this employee is operating within the scope of employment. In this case stated, the surgeon has a vicarious liability for the patient’s death. It is very determinable that the nurse-anesthetist’s action led to the death of the patient. It is the nurse-anesthetist who had administered anesthesia without paying close attention to the patient’s oxygen intake. The nurse-anesthetist’s negligence also caused her to fail to detect the vital signs of lack of oxygen, until the patient reached the precipice of a cardiac arrest. This alone gives a very strong ground for a Respondeat Superior case. Some of the Respondeat Superior lawsuits include death, injury, or incomplete treatment. Like this case, most Respondeat Superior cases stem from an unintentional and unforeseen failure to detect or carry out an action. It is beyond gainsay that both the surgeon and the nurse-anesthetist did not intend to harm the patient, but their unforeseen failure caused the patient’s death. It is also imperative to note that the nurse-anesthetist was acting as an employee in the line of duty. ... The import is that the deceased patient’s family, as well as the plaintiff, will easily prove that the nurse-anesthetist is an employee of the surgeon’s institution. Similarly, all the acts she had carried out were part of the treatment. The administration of anesthesia was done to prepare the patient for surgical intervention. This will greatly help the plaintiff prove that the nurse-anesthetist erred within the scope of employment. In another wavelength, noting that vicarious liability entails strict secondary responsibility is also important in understanding the surgeon’s liability for the nurse-anesthetist’s actions. This aspect of secondary liability is brought about by the surgeon being superior to the nurse-anesthetist. It is because of this hierarchical relation between the surgeon and the nurse-anesthetist that not only makes the nurse-anesthetist to prepare the patient for the surgeon’s work, but also makes the surgeon responsible for all the acts executed by his subordinate, the nurse-anesthetist. Again, Lewis and Gardner (2000) divulge that the conditions that describe vicarious liability are very wide, thereby giving the surgeon’s culpability a wider threshold. Particularly, vicarious liability in Respondeat Superior broadly imputes responsibility on any third party, provided that the third party possesses the authority and duty of control. The gravity behind this development is that even if the plaintiff may not in the court of law identify the very nurse-anesthetist; yet, by adducing the results of the investigations, the plaintiff will have rendered the surgeon fully liable. Since the results

Report on Critical Review of Binary Search Tree Algorithm

Report on Critical Review of Binary Search Tree Algorithm What is Binary Search Tree? Binary search tree (BST) is a dynamic data structure, which means that its size is only limited by amount of free memory in the computer and number of elements may differ during the program executed. BST has aComparableKey (and an associated value) for each. All elements in its left sub-tree are less-or-equal to the node (, and all the elements in its right sub-tree are greater than the node (>). Assumexbe a node in a binary search tree. Ifyis a node in the left sub-tree ofx,thenkey[y] [x].Ifyis a node in the right sub-tree ofx,thenkey[x] [y]. A main pro of binary search trees is fast searching. There are three type of binary search tree: Inorder traversal Preorder traversal Postorder traversal In inorder traversal, the left sub-tree of the given node is visited first, then the value at the given node is printed and then the right sub-tree of the given node is visited. This process is applied recursively all the node in the tree until either the left sub-tree is empty or the right sub tree is empty. Java code for inorder traversal: public void printInorder(){ printInOrderRec(root); System.out.println(); } /** * Helper method to recursively print the contents in an inorder way */ private void printInOrderRec(Node currRoot){ if ( currRoot == null ){ return; } printInOrderRec(currRoot.left); System.out.print(currRoot.value+, ); printInOrderRec(currRoot.right); } In preorder traversal, the value at the given node is printed first and then the left sub-tree of the given node is visited and then the right sub-tree of the given node is visited. This process is applied recursively all the node in the tree until either the left sub-tree is empty or the right sub tree is empty. Java code for preorder traversal: public void printPreorder() { printPreOrderRec(root); System.out.println(); } /** * Helper method to recursively print the contents in a Preorder way */ private void printPreOrderRec(Node currRoot) { if (currRoot == null) { return; } System.out.print(currRoot.value + , ); printPreOrderRec(currRoot.left); printPreOrderRec(currRoot.right); } In postorder traversal, the left sub-tree of the given node is traversed first, then the right sub-tree of the given node is traversed and then the value at the given node is printed. This process is applied recursively all the node in the tree until either the left sub-tree is empty or the right sub-tree is empty. Java code for postorder traversal: public void printPostorder() { printPostOrderRec(root); System.out.println(); } /** * Helper method to recursively print the contents in a Postorder way */ private void printPostOrderRec(Node currRoot) { if (currRoot == null) { return; } printPostOrderRec(currRoot.left); printPostOrderRec(currRoot.right); System.out.print(currRoot.value + , ); } Full code example for BST //Represents a node in the Binary Search Tree. class Node { //The value present in the node. public int value; //The reference to the left subtree. public Node left; //The reference to the right subtree. public Node right; public Node(int value) { this.value = value; } } //Represents the Binary Search Tree. class BinarySearchTree { //Refrence for the root of the tree. public Node root; public BinarySearchTree insert(int value) { Node node = new Node(value); if (root == null) { root = node; return this; } insertRec(root, node); return this; } private void insertRec(Node latestRoot, Node node) { if (latestRoot.value > node.value) { if (latestRoot.left == null) { latestRoot.left = node; return; } else { insertRec(latestRoot.left, node); } } else { if (latestRoot.right == null) { latestRoot.right = node; return; } else { insertRec(latestRoot.right, node); } } } //Returns the minimum value in the Binary Search Tree. public int findMinimum() { if (root == null) { return 0; } Node currNode = root; while (currNode.left != null) { currNode = currNode.left; } return currNode.value; } //Returns the maximum value in the Binary Search Tree public int findMaximum() { if (root == null) { return 0; } Node currNode = root; while (currNode.right != null) { currNode = currNode.right; } return currNode.value; } //Printing the contents of the tree in an inorder way. public void printInorder() { printInOrderRec(root); System.out.println(); } //Helper method to recursively print the contents in an inorder way private void printInOrderRec(Node currRoot) { if (currRoot == null) { return; } printInOrderRec(currRoot.left); System.out.print(currRoot.value + , ); printInOrderRec(currRoot.right); } //Printing the contents of the tree in a Preorder way. public void printPreorder() { printPreOrderRec(root); System.out.println(); } //Helper method to recursively print the contents in a Preorder way private void printPreOrderRec(Node currRoot) { if (currRoot == null) { return; } System.out.print(currRoot.value + , ); printPreOrderRec(currRoot.left); printPreOrderRec(currRoot.right); } //Printing the contents of the tree in a Postorder way. public void printPostorder() { printPostOrderRec(root); System.out.println(); } //Helper method to recursively print the contents in a Postorder way private void printPostOrderRec(Node currRoot) { if (currRoot == null) { return; } printPostOrderRec(currRoot.left); printPostOrderRec(currRoot.right); System.out.print(currRoot.value + , ); } } //Main method to run program. class BSTDemo { public static void main(String args []) { BinarySearchTree bst = new BinarySearchTree(); bst .insert(10) .insert(40) .insert(37) .insert(98) .insert(51) .insert(6) .insert(73) .insert(72) .insert(64) .insert(99) .insert(13) .insert(9); System.out.println(The Binary Search Tree Example); System.out.println(Inorder Traversal:); bst.printInorder(); System.out.println(Preorder Traversal:); bst.printPreorder(); System.out.println(Postorder Traversal:); bst.printPostorder(); System.out.println(); System.out.println(The minimum value in the BST: + bst.findMinimum()); System.out.println(The maximum value in the BST: + bst.findMaximum()); } } Output example Linear Search Algorithm Linear search, also known as sequential search, is a operation that checks every element in the list sequentially until the target element is found. The computational complexity for linear search isO(n),making it mostly much less efficient than binary searchO(log n).But when list items can be arranged in order from greatest to lowest and the possibility appear as geometric distribution (f (x)=(1-p) x-1p, x=1,2),then linear search can have the potential to be greatly faster than binary search. The worst case performance scenario for a linear search is that it needs to loop through the entire collection; either because the item is the last one, or because the item isnt found. In other words, if havingNitems in the collection, the worst case scenario to find an item isNiterations. This is known asO(N)using theBig O Notation. The speed of search grows linearly with the number of items within the collection. Linear searches dont require the collection to be sorted. Example java program to show linear search algorithm class LinearSearchDemo { public static int linearSearch(int[] array, int key) { int size = array.length; for(int i=0;i { if(array[i] == key) { return i; } } return -1; } public static void main(String a[]) { int[] array1= {66,42,1,99,59,53,16,21}; int searchKey = 99; System.out.println(Key +searchKey+ found at index: +linearSearch(array1, searchKey)); int[] array2= {460,129,128,994,632,807,777}; searchKey = 129; System.out.println(Key +searchKey+ found at index: +linearSearch(array2, searchKey)); } } Output example Why Linear Search? Alinear searchlooks down a list, one item at a time, without skipping. In complexity terms this is an O(n) search where the time taken to search the list gets bigger at the same rate as the list does. Binary searchtree when starts with the middle of a sorted list, and it see whether thats greater than or less than the value it looking for, which determines whether the value is in the first or second half of the list. Skip to the half way through the sub-list, and compare again. In complexity terms this is an O(log n) search where the number of search operations grows more slowly than the list does, because it is halving the search space with each operation. For example, suppose to search for U in an A-Z list of letter where index 0-25 and the target value at index 20. A linear search would ask: list[0] == U? False. list[1] == U? False. list[2] == U? False. list[3] == U? False. . .. †¦ list[20] == U? True. Finished. The binary search would ask: Comparelist[12](M) with U: Smaller, look further on. (Range=13-25) Comparelist[19](T) with U: Smaller, look further on. (Range=20-25) Comparelist[22](W) with U: Bigger, look earlier. (Range=20-21) Comparelist[20](U) with U: Found it. Finished. Comparing the two: Binary search requires the input data to be sorted but linear search doesnt. Binary search requires anorderingcomparison but linear search only requires equality comparisons. Binary search has complexity O(log n) but linear search has complexity O(n). Binary search requires random access to the data but linear search only requires sequential access. (it means a linear search canstreamdata of arbitrary size) Divide and Conquer Algorithm Divide and conquer is a top-down technique for designing algorithms that consists of dividing the problem into smaller sub-problems hoping that the solutions of the sub-problems are easier to find and then composing the partial solutions into the solution of the original problem. Divide and conquer paradigm consists of following major phases: Divide Breaking the probleminto several sub-problems that are similar to the original problem but smaller in size. Conquer Solve the sub-problemrecursively (successively and independently). Combine these solutionsto sub-problems to create a solution to the original problem. The similarity with Binary Search Tree, it is a degenerate divide and conquer search algorithm but with no combine phase. It searches for akeyin asortedvector then returning theindexwhere the key was found or return -1 when not found. It also reduces the problem size by half each recursion. The algorithm definition: Divides sorted vector into 2 halves. The lower halves contain values less or equal the key and the higher half values greater than or equal the key. If the low index exceeds the high index the key is not in the vector. Compute the middle index of the vector. If the key equals the value at the middle of the vector, the index of the middle is returned If the key is less than the value at the middle of the vector, the lower half is searched If the key is greater than the value at the middle of the vector, the higher half is searched Only one of the halves is searched, reducing the problem size by half each time. Recursion Technique Recursionis a technique of solving problems that includes breaking down a problem into smaller and smaller sub-problems until get to a small enough problem that it can be solved trivially. Normally recursion includes a function calling itself. While it may not would appear to be much at first glance, recursion allow to write elegant solutions to problems that may otherwise be extremely hard to program. It is very similar with binary search tree that using divide and conquer technique which is breaking down problem into sub-problems. A binary search or half-interval search algorithm discover the position of a specified value within a sorted array. In each step, the algorithm compares the input key value with the key value of the middle element of the array. If the keys match, then a matching element has been found so its index is returned. Otherwise, if the looked key is less than the middle elements key, then the algorithm repeats its action on the sub-array to the left of the middle element or, if the input key is greater, on the sub-array to the right. If the remaining array to be searched is reduced to zero, then the key cannot be found in the array and a special Not found indication is returned. Every repetition eliminates half of the remaining possibilities. This makes binary searches very efficient even for large collections. Binary search requires a sorted collection. Additionally, binary searching can only be applied to a collection that allows random access (indexing). Worst case performance: O(log n) Best case performance: O(1) Recursion is utilized as a part in this algorithm because with each pass a new array is created by cutting the old one in half. The binary search procedure is then called recursively, this time on the new array. Commonly the arrays size is adjusted by manipulating a beginning and ending index. The algorithm exhibits a logarithmic order of growth because it essentially divides the problem domain in half with each pass. Conclusion The conclusion is there is never be the best approach to follow blindly, each of these algorithms has its pros and cons. So, if there is any scenario or problem, it should be analyze first and adopt one of these algorithms to find what’s suit. REFERENCE Implement Binary search in java using divide and conquer technique. Java search algorithm programs. 2014. [ONLINE] Available at:http://java2novice.com/java-search-algorithms/binary-search/. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Best searching algorithm | java coding algorithms. 2014 [ONLINE] Available at:http://tekmarathon.com/2012/10/05/best-searching-algorithm-2/. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Linear Search. 2014.Linear Search. [ONLINE] Available at:http://algorithms.openmymind.net/search/linear.html. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Java Recursion with examples. 2014. [ONLINE] Available at:http://danzig.jct.ac.il/java_class/recursion.html. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms. 2014.Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Algorithms/MyAlgorithms/divide.htm. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Binary Search Trees. 2014.Binary Search Trees. [ONLINE] Available at:http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vernon/cs367/notes/9.BST.html. [Accessed 27 October 2014]. Binary Trees . 2014.Binary Trees. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adamchik/15-121/lectures/Trees/trees.html. [Accessed 27 October 2014]. Data structures Why is Binary Search a divide and conquer algorithm? Stack Overflow. 2014. [ONLINE] Available at:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8850447/why-is-binary-search-a-divide-and-conquer-algorithm. [Accessed 27 October 2014].